Year 1555 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events of 1555

January - June

• February 2 - The Diet of Augsburg begins.
• February 4 - John Rogers becomes the first Protestant martyr in England under Mary I.
• February 8 - Laurence Saunders is led barefoot to his execution and burned at the stake.
• February 9 - Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk is the third leading Protestant martyr/Christian martyr to suffer from Queen "Bloody Mary's" (Mary I) reign. He along with the Bishop of Gloucester, John Hooper, are burned at the stake.
• April 10 - Pope Marcellus II succeeds Pope Julius III as the 222nd pope.
• April 17 - After 18 months of siege, Siena surrenders to the Florentine-Imperial army.
• May 23 - Pope Paul IV succeeds Pope Marcellus II as the 223rd pope.

July - December

• July 12 - Pope Paul IV creates the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
• September 25 - The Peace of Augsburg is signed.
• October 16 - Latimer and Ridley, English Protestant martyrs, are burned at the stake.

Undated

• Russia breaks a 60-year-old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland.
• Gresham's School is founded by Sir John Gresham
• Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire a second time.
• Bairam Khan defeats Hindu forces at Panipat.
• "Negro" - the Spanish term for "black person" is coined.

Births

• March 18 - François, Duke of Anjou, youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici (d. 1584)
• April 21 - Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1619)
• June 11 - Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1627)
• August 1 - Edward Kelley, English spirit medium (d. 1597)
• September 28 - Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon, Marshal of France (d. 1623)
• October 11- Veronica Polin
• December 4 - Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (d. 1625)
• December 27 - Johann Arndt, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1621)
• date unknown
  • Richard Carew, Cornish translator and antiquary (d. 1620)
  • Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)
  • Samuel Eidels, Rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1631)
  • Joshua Falk, Rabbi and commentator (d. 1614)
  • Henry Garnet, English Jesuit (d. 1606)
  • Lancelot Andrewes, English clergyman and scholar (d. 1626)
  • François de Malherbe, French poet (d. 1628)
  • Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)
  • Okudaira Sadamasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1615)
  • Konishi Yukinaga, Japanese Christian daimyo (d. 1600)

Deaths

• January 14 - Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (b. 1478)
• February 4 - John Rogers, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1500)
• February 8 - Laurence Saunders, English clergyman (burned at the stake)
• February 9
  • John Hooper, English churchman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1497)
  • Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (burned at the stake) (b. 1510)
• March 14 - John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (b. 1485)
• March 23 - Pope Julius III (b. 1487)
• April 12 - Joanna of Castile, queen of Philip I of Castile (b. 1479)
• April 18 - Polydore Vergil, English historian (b. 1470)
• April 30 - Pope Marcellus II (b. 1501)
• May 25
  • Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. 1508)
  • Henry II of Navarre (b. 1503)
• August 25 - Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (b. 1473)
• September 8 - Saint Thomas of Villanueva, Spanish bishop (b. 1488)
• October 9 - Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (b. 1493)
• October 16
  • Hugh Latimer, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1487)
  • Nicholas Ridley, English clergyman (burned at the stake)
• October 25 - Olympia Fulvia Morata, Italian classical scholar (b. 1526)
• November 12 - Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and Lord Chancellor (b. 1493)
• November 21 - Georg Agricola, German scientist (b. 1490)
• December - Stanisław Kostka, Polish noble (b. 1487)