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For a chronological list of human spaceflights, including crews..., dates and mission summaries, see List of human spaceflights.

This is a list of human spaceflight programs, including successful programs, programs that were canceled, and programs planned for the future. The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary. The FAI defines spaceflight as any flight over 100 kilometres (62 miles). However, in the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 miles) are awarded astronaut wings.

Until the 21st century, spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. However, with the launch of the privately-funded SpaceShipOne in 2005, a new category of spaceflight programs – commercial spaceflight – arrived.

Programs are sorted by years when their development started, as opposed to first flight of the program.

Contents

Programs which succeeded

Project Mercury (USA, 1959–1963)

Vostok programme (USSR, 1960–1963)

Project Apollo (USA, 1961-1975)

X-15 Missions over 100-km (USA, 1963)

Voskhod programme (USSR, 1964–1965)

Project Gemini (USA, 1965–1966)

Soyuz programme (USSR/Russia, 1967–ongoing)

  • Soyuz 1 – crashed on landing, killing lone cosmonaut.
  • Soyuz 2 – flew unmanned (listed for completeness).
  • Soyuz 3 – approached, but failed to dock with, Soyuz 2.
  • Soyuz 4 – docked with Soyuz 5.
  • Soyuz 5 – two cosmonauts space walked to Soyuz 4, and returned to Earth on that.
  • Soyuz 6 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 7 and 8
  • Soyuz 7 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 6 and 8
  • Soyuz 8 – orbited in formation, but failed to dock with Soyuz 6 and 7
  • Soyuz 9 – record of over 17 days in orbit.
  • Soyuz 10 – failed to dock with Salyut 1, first space station.
  • Soyuz 11 – first and only successful flight to Salyut 1; 24 day stay at the station. All three crew dead on landing
  • Soyuz 12 – two-day test mission of redesigned, two- man version.
  • Soyuz 13 – further test mission; ultraviolet photography.
  • Soyuz 14 – first flight to Salyut 3 (military mission)
  • Soyuz 15 – last flight to Salyut 3; failed to dock with the station (military mission)
  • Soyuz 16 – test flight for Apollo-Soyuz mission
  • Soyuz 17 – first flight to Salyut 4; month-long stay on the station
  • Soyuz 18a – failed to achieve orbit; crew returned safely.
  • Soyuz 18 – last flight to Salyut 4; two-month stay on the station
  • Apollo-Soyuz – joint mission with NASA; docked with Apollo spacecraft
  • Soyuz 21 – first flight to Salyut 5 station; 49- day stay on the station; ended early.
  • Soyuz 22 – Week spent in orbit, surveying Earth.
  • Soyuz 23 – failed to dock with Salyut 5 space station, cosmonauts nearly died on landing.
  • Soyuz 24 – last flight to Salyut 5
  • Soyuz 25 – failed to dock with Salyut 6
  • Soyuz 26 – first successful flight to Salyut 6
  • Soyuz 29 – second long-duration crew of Salyut 6; crew returned on Soyuz 31
  • Soyuz 31 – crew returned from Salyut 6 on Soyuz 29
  • Soyuz 34 – launched unmanned as return vehicle
  • Soyuz 40 – last flight to Salyut 6
  • Soyuz T-5 – first flight to Salyut 7
  • Soyuz T-15 – first flight to Mir, also last flight to Salyut 7
  • Soyuz TM-30 – last flight to Mir
  • Soyuz TM-31 – first Soyuz flight to ISS, carried first crew to the station
  • Soyuz TMA-1 – first flight of the new TMA variant

Space Shuttle (USA, 1972-ongoing)

See also: List of space shuttle missions

  • STS-1 – Columbia – first flight for Columbia
  • STS-6 – Challenger – first flight for Challenger
  • STS-41-D – Discovery – first flight for Discovery
  • STS-51-J – Atlantis – first flight for Atlantis
  • STS-51-L – Challenger – destroyed shortly after liftoff; failed to reach space
  • STS-49 – Endeavour – first flight for Endeavour
  • STS-60 – Discovery – flight to Mir Space Station, autonomous
  • STS-63 – Discovery – flight to Mir Space Station, no docking (Mir-69)
  • STS-67 – Endeavour
  • STS-71 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-74)
  • STS-70 – Discovery
  • STS-69 – Endeavour
  • STS-73 – Columbia
  • STS-74 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-78)
  • STS-72 – Endeavour
  • STS-75 – Columbia
  • STS-76 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-81)
  • STS-79 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-86)
  • STS-81 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-88)
  • STS-84 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-91)
  • STS-86 – Atlantis – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-94)
  • STS-89 – Endeavour – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-97)
  • STS-91 – Discovery – flight to Mir Space Station, docking (Mir-101)
  • STS-92 – Discovery – 100th Space Shuttle flight
  • STS-107 – Columbia – disintegrated on reentry
  • STS-114 – Discovery – Return to Flight Mission

Skylab (USA, 1973-1974)

Shenzhou programme (China, 1992-ongoing)

  • Shenzhou 5 - first manned Chinese spaceflight
  • Shenzhou 6 - first multi-day flight of the program, also first flight with more than one crewmember.
  • Shenzhou 7 - first spacewalk, also first flight with three crew members.

Tier One (USA (privately funded), 2001-2004)

Space station programs

(dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews)

Space programs currently in development

Project Constellation (USA, 2004-ongoing)

See also: List of Constellation missions

Project Constellation is NASA's successor to the Space Shuttle. It consists of a family of new spacecraft, launchers and associated hardware that allow for a variety of space mission, from International Space Station resupply, to lunar landings.

Virgin Galactic (UK (privately funded), 2004-ongoing)

Virgin Galactic is a company within Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Group, which is developing spacecraft in conjunction with Scaled Composites to offer sub-orbital spaceflights and later orbital spaceflights to the paying public.

Crew Space Transportation System (ESA/Russia, 2006-ongoing)

Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) is a joint project by the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency (Roskosmos) with the objective to design a spacecraft for LEO operations such as servicing the International Space Station, but also capable of exploration of the Moon and beyond.

Indian human spaceflight program (India, 2007-ongoing)

The program aimed at developing manned spaceflight capabilities for India with plans to launch own astronaut by 2015.[citation needed]

Programs canceled before manned launch

Man In Space Soonest (USA, 1957–1958)

United States Air Force program to put an American in orbit. Canceled when NASA was formed in August 1958.

Dyna-Soar (USA, 1957–1963)

The X-20 Dyna-Soar ('Dynamic Soarer') was a United States Air Force program to develop a manned spaceplane that could be used for a variety of military missions, including reconnaissance, bombing, space rescue, satellite maintenance, and sabotage of enemy satellites. The program ran from 24 October 1957–10 December 1963, and was canceled just after spacecraft construction had begun.

Manned Orbital Development System (USA, 1962–1963)

The Manned Orbital Development System was a project by the Air Force Space System Division (SSD). It was to begin working on plans to use Gemini hardware as the first step in a new US Air Force man-in-space program called MODS (Manned Orbital Development System), a type of military space station that used Gemini spacecraft as ferry vehicles. MODS was effectively superseded when the Manned Orbital Laboratory was announced in December 1963.

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (USA, 1963-1969)

The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) was part of the United States Air Force's manned spaceflight program, a successor to the canceled X-20 Dyna-Soar project. It was announced to the public on the same day that the Dyna-Soar program was canceled, 10 December 1963. the program was redirected in the mid-1960s and developed as a space station used for reconnaissance purposes. The space station used a spacecraft that was derived from NASA's Gemini program. The project was canceled on 10 June 1969 before there were any manned flights.

Shuguang (Project 714) program (China, 1968-1972)

This was the first Chinese manned space program with plans to launch own astronauts in 1973 without serious technology basis.

Buran program (Soviet Union, 1976-1993)

The Soviet reusable spacecraft program Buran began in 1976 at TsAGI as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program. It had only one orbital flight, an unmanned test, before cancellation.

Piloted FSW program (China, 1978-1980)

This was the second Chinese manned space programme based on the successful achievement of landing technology (third in the World after USSR and USA) by FSW satellites.

Rockwell X-30 (USA, ?)

Venturestar (USA, ?-2001)

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