Contract law

Part of the common law series

Contract formation

Offer and acceptance · Mailbox rule Mirror image rule · Invitation to treat Firm offer · Consideration

Defenses against formation

Lack of capacity Duress · Undue influence Illusory promise · Statute of frauds Non est factum

Contract interpretation

Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem

Excuses for non-performance

Mistake · Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose · Impossibility Impracticability · Illegality Unclean hands · Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction

Rights of third parties

Privity of contract Assignment · Delegation Novation · Third party beneficiary

Breach of contract

Anticipatory repudiation · Cover Exclusion clause · Efficient breach Fundamental breach

Remedies

Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages · Rescission

Quasi-contractual obligations

Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit

Subsets

Conflict of law · Commercial law

Other common law areas

Tort law · Property law Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law · Evidence

v • d • e

In legal terminology, a peppercorn is a very small payment, used to satisfy the requirements for the creation of a legal contract.

In United Kingdom, and other countries with similar common law systems, a legal contract requires that both sides provide consideration. In other words, if an agreement does not specify that each party will give something of value to the other party, then it is not considered a binding contract, and cannot be enforced in court. This requirement does not exist in contracts with civil law systems.

However, courts will not generally inquire into the adequacy or relative value of the consideration provided by each party.^[1] So, if a contract calls for one party to give up something of great value, while the other party gives up something of much lesser value, then it will generally still be considered a valid contract, even though the exchange of value greatly favors one side. Courts, however, will reject "consideration" that was not truly bargained for. For example in Fischer v. Union Trust Co.^[2], the judgment held that one dollar paid in exchange for the sale of real property did not constitute valuable consideration since the transaction was not bargained for. The dollar is not considered nominal consideration, not because the dollar was too small an amount, but because it did not induce the seller to part with the property. Such promises that are motivated by love and affection are insufficient to constitute consideration.

So, in order for an essentially one-sided contract to still be valid and binding, the contract will generally be written so that one side gives up something of value, while the other side gives a token sum such as one Pound.

Peppercorn payments are sometimes used when a struggling company is sold. A failing company's net worth may actually be negative, since its liabilities may exceed its assets. So if some other party agrees to take over the company and assume its liabilities as well as its assets, the seller may actually agree to make a large payment to the buyer. But the buyer must still make some payment for the company – even if that payment is only one dollar or one pound – in order to establish that both sides have given consideration.

A peppercorn is also used in more balanced contracts, where one side wishes to conceal the nature of their payment. For example, since real estate contracts are generally matters of public record, the purchaser of a house may not wish to list the exact amount of the payment on the contract. But there must be some specific payment listed in the contract, or the contract will be considered void for lack of consideration. So the contract may be written to reflect that the house is being sold in return for "ten dollars and other good and valuable consideration". The ten dollars is the "peppercorn" that provides concrete consideration and ensures that the contract is valid, while the actual amount paid for the house is hidden and referred to only as the "good and valuable consideration".

Another common example of a peppercorn payment being used in legal contracts is the English practice of peppercorn rent, which refers to a nominal rental sum for property, land or buildings. Where a rental contract is put in place and the owner of the property wishes it to be rent free it is normal to charge, say, one pound sterling as a peppercorn rent. Again, this is because, if the owner wants to lease the property, they must charge some rent so that consideration exists for both parties.

Some Australian farms and cattle ranches were historically leased from the Crown for a hundred year term, generally for "one peppercorn per annum, payable on demand".

References

Additional resources

• "Standard Deviants: All About Business Law". PBS. Retrieved on 2006-08-24.
• "How does a company cost £1?". BBC News Magazine (2006-08-21). Retrieved on 2006-08-24.
• Gregory E. Maggs. "Notes on Contracts I" (Microsoft Word document). The George Washington University Law School, Hispanic Law Student Organization. Retrieved on 2006-08-24.
• "Notes on Contracts" (Microsoft Word document). Minority Law Students Association. Retrieved on 2006-08-24.