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The River Line (styled River LINE by NJ Transit and originally known as Southern New Jersey Light Rail Transit or SNJLRT) is a diesel light rail system in New Jersey, United States, that connects the cities of Camden and Trenton, New Jersey's capital. It is operated for New Jersey Transit by the Southern New Jersey Rail Group (SNJRG), which originally included Bechtel Group and Bombardier. Now that the project is in its operational phase, Bombardier is the only member of SNJRG. The River Line is so named because the path from those two cities runs more or less parallel to the Delaware River. The River Line stops at the PATCO Speedline's Broadway Station (Walter Rand Transportation Center), allowing passengers to transfer to and from this connection to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
RidershipThe River Line is currently exceeding final ridership estimates of 5,500 passengers per day, with an average of 7,350 weekday, 5,550 Saturday, and 3,600 Sunday average passenger trips during FY 2006. As of the fourth quarter of 2007, the daily weekday ridership has grown to an average of 7900 trips.[2] HistoryAlignmentThe River Line is a modern passenger service on what originally was the Camden - Bordentown section and the Bordentown - Trenton Branch of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. The lines ran under the C&A name between 1830 and 1871, when the line was absorbed into the Pennsylvania Railroad. Ownership proceeded under Penn Central and Conrail, until June 1, 1999, but the original passenger service was abandoned in 1963.[3] PlanningThe planning for NJ Transit's RiverLINE spanned at least three decades and over multiple planning agencies. Early planning for NJ Transit's River LINE began under the auspices of PATCO's 1960 plan for all-rail service to Moorestown/Mount Holly, Lindenwold, and Woodbury Heights/Glassboro, utilizing three existing railroad corridors. This plan was considered unrealistically expensive. PATCO elected to focus its resources on the most promising corridor, the Philadelphia-Lindenwold. The PATCO high-speed line was first to enter construction, completed in 1969, re-using parts of the 1926 Philadelphia-Camden Bridge Line subway, and constructing a grade-separated line within the Atlantic City Rail Line right-of-way. Interestingly, PATCO's initial proposal did not include the alignment that became the River LINE corridor, but planned to serve Burlington County via the Mount Holly alignment. NJ Transit's Planning for the Burlington-Gloucester Transit System (later the RiverLINE) began in the early 1990s. In response to a major investment study (MIS) completed in 1995, the New Jersey State Senate enacted legislation requiring NJ Transit to study rail transit service between Trenton, Camden, and Glassboro. The primary goals of the BGTS were:
Although the MIS focused on providing connectivity from South Jersey counties to PATCO service via a transfer point in Camden, an equally important goal was to provide the economic impetus to spark the redevelopment of the Camden waterfront and serving the city itself. The 1995 MIS found that there was substantial neighborhood opposition to the Mount Holly Service, particularly in the Borough of Moorestown, partly because of a potential street-running section. Two special studies were commissioned to supplement the alternatives identified in the MIS. The second of these special studies examined the Bordentown Secondary, another Conrail corridor through Burlington County, the alignment of today’s RiverLINE. The parallel NJ Transit local bus on U.S. Route 130 was heavily patronized, and the corridor was ripe for economic development. Since the original intent of the Mount Holly service was to provide transit to the people of Burlington County, it was felt that the new alignment would achieve a similar objective. 
In November 1996, NJ Transit's board of directors approved a light rail transit alignment from Glassboro to Trenton with diesel light rail transit cars based on the findings of the Special Study. The entire alignment constitutes the SNJLRTS project. The Board also established the Initial Operating Corridor (IOC) to be the Trenton-Camden Corridor. The draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) was completed in 1998, and the contract with SNJRG was finalized in 1999, permitting the system to open to the public in 2004. Much of the political impetus that led to the funding and construction of the River LINE was, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer, State Senator C. William Haines. He was in effect the father of the River LINE. The entire line was 100% funded by the State of New Jersey from its Transportation Trust Fund. No federal capital was expended for this diesel light rail project. Business ModelThe management keeps an open dialogue and maintains good relationships with developers[citation needed] along the right-of-way. During its planning, "New Ridership Resulting from Transit-Induced Development" was a line-item in the total ridership estimates. As such, it is critical for the line to grow and market the development potential that the line offers to the region. There are active historic-building-to-condo conversions and other transit-oriented developments under way adjacent to the alignment in Camden, Riverton, Delanco, Burlington, and in other communities along the line. Since purchasing the Bordentown Secondary, NJ Transit appears to have understood its mission as not only growing passenger service but also growing freight service through a partnership with the freight railroad. The relationship between the passenger and freight operator is reportedly very constructive, allowing both parties to continually make progress in terms of accommodating each others needs and communicating business concerns. Ownership and Time Sharing AgreementExcept at its ends, the River Line was Conrail's Bordentown Secondary until June 1, 1999, when NJ Transit bought it for $67.5 million.[4] NJ Transit has exclusive access to run light rail passenger service on the line from 05:30 to 22:10 Sunday through Friday, and all of Saturday night and Sunday morning. Conrail has exclusive access for freight at other times. Either agency may request to use the line at abnormal times in case of a special event or emergency. The relatively early shutdown of the line has been a frequently raised concern of the River LINE, as it is unattractive to those wishing to attend late evening events in Camden or Philadelphia. The concern stems from the inability to serve several important markets: events at Camden’s waterfront entertainment center often conclude after 10 p.m.; service to second shift workers whose shift change occurs at 11 p.m. is impossible under time separation; service prior to 6 a.m. is needed to serve early morning commuter demands making connections to Philadelphia at Camden and at Trenton for the Northeast Corridor. All these aspects of the service are critically important to improving transit-oriented development within the corridor. Within a year of the River LINE's launch, the FRA granted permission to adjust timesharing agreement (more technically, "temporal separation") terms. NJ Transit and Conrail agreed to divide the line into two segments, from Camden to Bordentown (south), and from Bordentown to Trenton (north). In the northern section, the passenger period starts at 5:45 a.m. instead of 6 a.m. Initially, these new periods allowed NJ Transit to deadhead equipment from Trenton to Bordentown and Florence at 5.45 a.m., to form the 6:08 a.m. and 6:23 a.m. northbound departures. These early morning trains provide attractive connections at Trenton for NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor services to Newark and New York City. Service ImprovementsNJ Transit is continuing to improve service within the constraints of the timesharing agreement, with the construction of a mid-line yard in 2005 to permit later Burlington arrivals in the evening, and earlier departures after 6 a.m. Since the River LINE opened, NJ Transit has made the following service enhancements:[5]
The late-night bus shuttle was a temporary arrangement, started in the summer of 2006, and offered riders a guaranteed bus connection from 36th Street station, the last station not subject to the timesharing agreement, to the Pennsauken/Route 73 park and ride station. This arrangement operated until late 2006 when NJ Transit upgraded signals on the line to allow full late-night light rail operation to the Pennsauken/Route 73 station.[7][8] Operations and Signalling
As detailed previously, NJ Transit purchased the Bordentown Secondary freight line from Conrail to develop light rail service between Camden and Trenton in 2000. Almost the entire length of the project, except for street-running portion at either end, is shared between non-FRA compliant light rail DMUs and heavy mainline freight trains. The 32-mile shared-track segment contains a mixture of single and double track sections. The River LINE was initially designed for commingled operations (i.e., where freight trains and light rail trains may operate on the same line controlled only by the signal systems) to provide maximum flexibility both for the freight and transit operators. The line, rebuilt under a design-build-operate-maintain (DBOM) contract, features mainline railroad signals with full centralized traffic control (CTC). River LINE operating personnel use a modified version of the NORAC Rules. NORAC Rules are a standard set of railroad operating rules developed by mainline railroads operating in the Northeastern U.S., including Amtrak, Conrail, Providence & Worcester, and others. Signals set to stop for the diesel light rail cars are positively enforced via an inductive loop trip-stop system. The system is similar (but not identical) to the German Indusi system, where signal aspects are transmitted to moving trains via electro-magnetic fields transmitted by wayside devices. The "magnetic train stop" devices, affectionately known as "upside down canoes", are placed about 1 foot away from the running rails, and in advance of the signal. Train's emergency brakes are automatically engaged if a stop signal overrun occurs. Payment and Ticketing
The River Line operates on a proof-of-payment system, as typical of most light rail systems throughout the United States. Passengers can buy the tickets at ticket vending machines (TVM) present at all stations, with the base fare being $1.35.[9] The tickets then must be validated at separate ticket validation machines, where machine will print an expiration time/date stamp on the ticket; tickets are valid for two hours from the time of validation. Passengers must hold a valid ticket before boarding the train, and can face fines if a ticket inspector finds them on-board without proper proof of payment. Passengers holding valid New Jersey Transit bus passes or weekly or monthly rail tickets can present any of those as they are honored on the River Line. Unused Newark City Subway (same $1.35 fare) and Hudson-Bergen Light Rail ($1.90) tickets can be used after validation at a River Line station. VehiclesThe River LINE fleet composes 20 articulated Stadler GTW 2/6 DMU (diesel multiple unit) cars, numbered 3501-3520. So far, two units have electronic bells, they are 3511 and 3515. The River LINE is the first light rail system in the United States (but second in North America, after Ottawa's O-Train in Canada) to use these instead of more typical electric vehicles. The diesel LRV offers a tighter turning radius than typical main line light rail vehicles and thus is capable of street running. The basic GTW is the 2/6 which indicates that two of the six axles are powered. The vehicle is more than 65% low floor. The River LINE uses the diesel-electric version of the GTW. 390 units have been sold to date and are in use in Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Stations
All service along the River Line is fully ADA compliant.
Future service, stations and extensionsNew Jersey Transit has proposed several possible extensions and stations to the River Line, either as parts of the initial construction plan which were deferred, or as potential future projects. The New Jersey State House lies approximately 1.3 miles to the northwest of the River Line's northern terminal at Trenton Transit Center. While the line was being constructed, NJT studied an extension that would bridge this gap via a shared right-of-way on city streets.[10] Such an extension would provide direct service to the workplaces of state employees and other workers in downtown Trenton. While the project is supported by City of Trenton officials, NJT did not elect to expand the already over-budget construction effort, but instead operates a branded "Capitol Connection" bus service, requiring River Line riders to transfer at Trenton Transit Center. The lack of a direct transfer between the River Line and New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line, which crosses directly over the River Line in Pennsauken,[11] was highly criticized at the time of the River Line's opening. NJT has since reconsidered, and has promised to study the construction of a transfer station there. A third proposed extension would take the River Line beyond the State House through Trenton, to West Trenton station in Ewing Township, New Jersey, connecting with SEPTA's R3 service to Center City Philadelphia via Bucks and Mongomery counties. NJ Transit listed this extension on its 2020 Transit wish list map,[12] but has not taken further action. Much of the River Line utilizes single track. In some places there is not room for double-track service, such as Burlington and Palmyra. Increasing headways from the current peak level of 15 minutes would require building more passing sidings or a full double track. NJT has shown no interest so far in doing so.[citation needed] See alsoReferences
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